News

Most cigarette smokers want to quit, but only 7% succeed in any given year. While smoking cessation interventions can be helpful for some, most people attempt to quit without professional assistance. The widespread use of smartphones and the growing popularity of wearable smart bands and watches suggests new mediums for supporting targeted smoking cessation efforts.

Horvath et al. [Annals of Medicine] conducted an uncontrolled study to investigate the feasibility of a wearable smartband designed to  detect smoking episodes and subsequently deliver a brief mindfulness session. The aim of the technology was to improve the timeliness of the intervention content in relation to smoking occurrences. 

The researchers recruited a sample of 155 adult smokers who owned smartphones (average age = 46 years; 54% female; 76% white) and wanted to quit smoking in response to posted Facebook ads. Participants were given a wearable smartband that paired with their personal smartphones. The bands used accelerometer and gyroscopic sensors to identify hand-to-mouth movements correlated with cigarette smoking behavior. 

When smoking movement was detected, the band vibrated and sent a message via smartphone prompting participants to confirm or deny they were smoking. Participants were instructed to wear the band on the hand they used for smoking 12 hours a day for 60 consecutive days. Participants could smoke as much or as little as they liked but set the 30th day of smart band wear as their intended “quit day.” 

At 21 days, participants completed a survey and a brief online mindfulness training. From day 21 to 28, whenever their band detected smoking, they were sent a two-minute audio “mindful smoking” exercise. On the 28th day, participants completed another survey and viewed a brief online training on using RAIN (Recognize, Allow, Investigate, Non-identification) to manage cravings.

From day 28 onwards, the smartphone delivered a two-minute audio-guided RAIN exercise when the band detected smoking. The completion of mindfulness exercises was time-stamped, and real-time data was gathered on cravings, mood, and the exercises’ helpfulness. At 60 days, participants completed another online survey.

The primary outcomes measured were the smartband’s accuracy to detect smoking, protocol adherence, and protocol acceptability. The secondary outcomes related to smoking included cigarette dependence, withdrawal symptoms,  and abstinence.

The results showed that the band detected smoking with 90% accuracy. Twenty-six percent of the participants did not complete study enrollment, never succeeded in paring the band with their phones, or never tried wearing the bands. Among the 115 participants who wore the band at least once, bands were worn on 70% of the treatment days and for at least 12 hours a day on 41% of those days.

The part of the sample that wore the band at least once completed 40% of the mindful smoking exercises and 86% of the RAIN exercises. Eighty-two percent of the participants who wore the bands at least once completed their surveys at all data points.

While participants found the mindful smoking and RAIN exercises helpful (79% and 75%, respectively) only a small majority liked them (58% and 52%, respectively). On average, participants reduced their  smoking by 9 cigarettes per day, and 12% reported achieving one-week point prevalence abstinence. 

The study suggests that a smartband can reliably detect smoking episodes and deliver subsequent prompting for interventions. While study retention was good, adherence and acceptability were variable in the sample of smokers. Some participants reported difficulty keeping the band paired with their phones, and some felt they received an excessive number of daily intervention prompts.

Reference:

Horvath, M., Pittman, B., O’Malley, S. S., Grutman, A., Khan, N., Gueorguieva, R., Brewer, J. A., & Garrison, K. A. (2024). Smartband-based smoking detection and real-time brief mindfulness intervention: Findings from a feasibility clinical trial. Annals of Medicine. 

Link to study

Alcohol misuse is a significant contributor to poor mental and physical health in people under age 50 worldwide. Existing interventions for alcohol misuse suffer from high attrition and relapse, prompting the search for more effective treatments.

Esketamine, a novel glutamatergic drug with dissociative, anesthetic, hallucinogenic and psychedelic properties has demonstrated antidepressant effects. A few studies suggest it may work synergistically with behavioral treatments to reduce alcohol use. Some researchers propose that esketamine facilitates greater psychological engagement with treatment in terms of motivation, commitment, and belief in the treatment process.

Gent et al. [Journal of Psychopharmacology] tested whether combining esketamine with a mindfulness training enhances treatment psychological engagement among individuals with alcohol use disorder.

The researchers randomly assigned 28 British adults (mean age = 22 years; 57% male; 93% white) with moderate to severe alcohol use disorder to a mindfulness training combined with either a single dose of esketamine or a vitamin C placebo administered on the eighth day of the intervention phase.

Participants attended the study center on day one for a baseline assessment. They were shown three brief videos introducing mindfulness and outlining its benefits for relapse prevention. They were also given a set of 14 daily mindfulness exercises, each lasting 5 to 25 minutes, to complete on their own over the following 14 days. 

They returned to the study center on the eighth day of the study for a single dose of either esketamine or placebo. After dosing, participants wore an eye mask and listened to soothing music for 40 minutes. Following this, they completed a post-intervention assessment. Participants also completed a final online assessment on day 14.

The mindfulness exercises emphasized relaxation and accepting thoughts and sensations. Two of the exercises specifically addressed managing alcohol cravings through mindfulness. Assessments measured the primary outcomes of engagement with treatment and alcohol cravings and use. 

The results showed a significant difference in treatment psychological engagement between esketamine and placebo groups. Engagement scores did not differ by groups during day 1-7, but after drug administration, self-reported engagement increased and remained higher for the esketamine group but not the placebo group.

There was also a significant but transient post-drug decrease in alcohol cravings on day 8 for the esketamine group, but not the placebo group. The esketamine group showed significantly more dissociative and mystical experiences after drug administration than placebo. Both groups decreased alcohol use, without a significant difference between. The groups did not differ in terms of self-reports of how many days or how many times a day they performed the mindfulness exercises.

The study shows a single dose of esketamine increased psychological engagement with a daily brief   mindfulness training and transiently reduced alcohol cravings. However, it did not improve alcohol-related outcomes at the study’s 2-week endpoint.

The study’s limitations include its small sample size, the limited number of data points for assessing daily alcohol cravings, and the brevity of the mindfulness training. 

Reference:

Gent, E. M., Bryan, J. W., Cleary, M. A., Clarke, T. I., Holmwood, H. D., Nassereddine, R. O., Salway, C., Depla, S., Statton, S., Krecké, J., & Morgan, C. J. (2024). Esketamine combined with a mindfulness-based intervention for individuals with alcohol problems. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 38(6), 541–550. 

Link to study

Children born very prematurely, defined as under 32 weeks gestational age, are at a greater risk for developing a wide spectrum of disorders including ADHD, autistic spectrum, and anxiety disorders. Functional connectivity is a measure of the degree to which large-scale brain networks synchronize their activity.

From birth through adulthood, children born very prematurely often show atypical functional connectivity patterns, which are associated with problems in cognitive and emotional functioning. Since mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can improve executive cognitive function and emotional regulation in some samples, MBIs may benefit children born very prematurely. 

Siffredi et al. [Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience] studied the effects of a MBI on neurobehavioral and functional connectivity measures in young adolescents born very prematurely, comparing them to an independent cohort of adolescents born full term.

The researchers enrolled 63 young Swiss adolescents (average age=12 years; 56% female) born very prematurely in an 8-week mindfulness program modeled after Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) but modified for younger adolescents. Weekly in-person group MBI sessions were 90 minutes long, and meditations were brief (2-10 minutes) and guided by trained mindfulness teachers. 

Participants completed neurobehavioral assessments before and after intervention, and 39 of the participants also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after the intervention. A comparison group of 24 young adolescents born full term (average age=12 years; 38% female) also underwent neurobehavioral assessments and fMRI scanning but did not participate in the MBI.

Neurobehavioral assessments included self-rated and parent-rated questionnaires and computerized tasks measuring executive and socio-emotional functioning. fMRIs assessed resting-state dynamic brain functional connectivity: the ways in which correlations and anticorrelations between large-scale brain networks changed over time.

The results found the prematurely born cohort had significantly greater scores for executive and behavioral difficulties on parent-report questionnaires than full-term adolescents at baseline. Parents in the MBI group reported significantly improved executive function, metacognition, and behavioral regulation scores over time. Score improvements were correlated with longer activations in the frontolimbic and amygdala-hippocampus self-regulation networks, dorsolateral prefrontal attentional control network, and visual networks related to attention to relevant stimuli.

There was no evidence that score improvements were associated with functional connectivity changes between large-scale brain systems.

This study reports that a MBI reduces parental ratings of behavioral problems in adolescents who were born very prematurely. These improvements in parental ratings are correlated with longer activation times in brain networks associated with attentional control and emotional regulation.

The study is limited by the absence of a comparator group that also underwent a MBI. All significant between-group differences and MBI-associated changes were at the level of self- and parent-report, and not on objective neuropsychological measures. Thus, some or all the improvement in parental-ratings may be due to expectancy bias.

Reference:

Siffredi, V., Liverani, M. C., Fernandez, N., Freitas, L. G. A., Borradori Tolsa, C., Van De Ville, D., Hüppi, P. S., & Ha-Vinh Leuchter, R. (2024). Impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on neurobehavioral functioning and its association with large-scale brain networks in preterm young adolescents. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.

Link to study

Patients discharged from intensive care units (ICUs) often report persistent psychological distress. This distress can result from a combination of factors: life-threatening illness, medical procedures, the financial burden of illness and treatment, and adjustment to residual disabilities and role changes. A previous pilot study showed that post-discharge use of a mindfulness meditation mobile app could reduce average levels of psychological distress in some participants.

Cox et al. [JAMA Internal Medicine]  investigated ways to optimize their previously piloted mindfulness app by varying the number of app-based meditations and phone contact with a human therapist.

Participants were 247 ICU patients (average age=50 years; 58% male; 73% white; average ICU stay length=7 days) with moderate or higher levels of psychological distress at discharge. All participants were discharged home with free access to a mindfulness meditation smartphone app. The app offered a month-long training program containing four week-long themes. The themes covered awareness of the breath, body, thoughts and emotions, and activities of daily living, as well as cultivating kindness and compassion. 

Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight meditation groups that comprised combinations of: 1) whether the themed units were introduced by an app video or a live therapist phone call; 2) whether reported increases in symptoms were responded to by the app or a live therapist phone call; 3) whether participants engaged in an 8-to-10-minute audio-guided meditation once or twice a day. 

Psychological symptoms were assessed at baseline and at 1- and 3-months post-randomization. The primary outcome was self-reported depressive symptoms, and self-reported anxiety and PTSD symptoms were secondary outcomes. The statistical test was not a between-groups analysis but rather assessed the degree to which each of the variables—meditation frequency, live therapist vs. app introductions, and live therapist vs. app response to symptoms—affected outcomes across groups.

The sample viewed on average 71% of the total app content, 89% of the sample were still actively viewing content by the fourth week, and 74% of the sample completed the 3-month follow-up assessment. All groups showed clinically meaningful improvement in depression and PTSD symptoms at 1- and 3-month follow-up.

The group meditating twice daily showed significantly more improved depression scores (from 10.4 to 5.6 points) than the group meditating once daily (from 10.4 to 7.0 points). Retention and outcomes weren’t improved in groups having live therapists introduce themes or respond to symptoms increases by telephone. 

The study shows discharged ICU patients with elevated distress using a mindfulness smartphone app report decreased distress scores over time, that meditating twice daily is associated with reducing such symptoms more than meditating once daily, and that talking by phone with live therapists neither improves study retention nor distress outcomes.

The study is limited by its lack of a non-mindfulness app comparator and low rate of ICU patients agreeing to participate (47%). Further, the number of patients reporting increased distress symptoms was too low (8%) to effectively test the value of having a therapist respond to symptoms.

Reference:

Cox, C. E., Gallis, J. A., Olsen, M. K., Porter, L. S., Gremore, T., Greeson, J. M., Morris, C., Moss, M., & Hough, C. L. (2024). Mobile Mindfulness Intervention for Psychological Distress Among Intensive Care Unit Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 

Link to study

Up to 10% of bereaved people suffer from prolonged grief disorder, characterized by persistent yearning for lost loved ones and emotional pain that interferes with daily living. Grief-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (GF-CBT) has been shown to be more effective than either antidepressant medication or interpersonal psychotherapy in reducing grief symptoms.

However, many bereaved individuals have trouble tolerating GF-CBT’s emphasis on actively recalling their loved one’s death. Up to 25% of those offered GF-CBT decline it, while up to 50% fail to respond, and 22% find it excessively challenging. 

For this reason, the search continues for therapies for bereaved people who cannot tolerate or fail to respond to GF-CBT. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), proven somewhat effective in treating some forms of depression presents one such possibility.

Bryant et al. [JAMA Psychiatry] compared the effects of GF-CBT and MBCT in reducing prolonged grief symptoms in patients with prolonged grief disorder.

The researchers randomly assigned 100 Australian patients with prolonged grief disorder (average age=47 years; 87% female; 71% white) to either GF-CBT or MBCT. Both programs consisted of 90-minute, weekly individual sessions over an 11-week period. GF-CBT entailed didactic training, thought monitoring, and revisiting memories of the loved one’s death. Participants were instructed to reframe maladaptive grief-related thoughts, write letters to the deceased, and cultivate positive memories of them.

The standard MBCT protocol was modified to focus on problematic grief. MBCT participants were assigned 40 minutes of daily homework. 

Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up using a primary outcome measure of prolonged grief symptoms. Secondary outcomes involved the assessment of mental health symptoms, grief-related cognition, and quality of life. The primary prolonged grief measure assessed symptoms such as loneliness, numbness, meaninglessness, emotional detachment, obsessive thoughts of loss, avoidance of loss reminders, and disengagement from life.

The results showed that at 6 months, the GF-CBT group had significantly greater reductions in prolonged grief symptoms (Cohen’s d=0.80), depressive symptoms (d=0.60), and grief related cognitions (d=0.70) compared to the MBCT group.

Both groups showed clinical improvements in prolonged grief, depression, and grief-related cognitions. For example, the GF-CBT group’s prolonged grief symptoms decreased from 43.6 points to 28.7 points while the MBCT group’s symptoms decreased from 40.6 to 32.8 points.

The superiority of GF-CBT was not apparent at post-treatment but emerged at the 6-month follow-up. Both groups had significant reductions in anxiety and improvements in quality of life, without significant differences between groups.

The study demonstrates that both MBCT and GF-CBT can reduce symptoms of prolonged grief immediately after treatment, but GF-CBT shows greater effectiveness at 6-month follow-up. The study is limited by its not including an analysis of home practice during and after treatment. Further, only 60% participants from each treatment group were retained at the 6-month follow-up.

Reference:

Bryant, R. A., Azevedo, S., Yadav, S., ... Dawson, K. S. (2024). Cognitive Behavior Therapy vs Mindfulness in Treatment of Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 

Link to study

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is an eye disease characterized by the accumulation of fluid between the choroid tissue layer and the retina, leading to retinal bulging and visual impairment. While this condition typically resolves within three months, it can sometimes persist chronically or recur.

Chronic CSCR treatment involves a variety of therapies including laser treatment, photodynamic therapy, and medication. Stress has been identified as a risk factor for CSCR, with elevated stress hormones like cortisol and epinephrine implicated in the buildup of sub-retinal fluid. 

Stress reduction techniques might promote healing and restore vision for CSCR. Özcan and Karapapak [International Ophthalmology] tested the effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) compared to a no-treatment control on visual acuity and macular thickness in patients with a recent onset of CSCR. 

The researchers randomly assigned 60 Turkish meditation-naïve adults (average age=40; 88% male) with a recent onset of CSCR to MBSR or a monitoring only control group. Recent onset of CSCR is usually not actively treated unless symptoms fail to resolve after three months. MBSR sessions consisted of daily one-hour sessions spanning three months, during which participants engaged in breath, body, and sensation-focused meditations. 

Participants’ best vision while wearing corrective lenses was assessed using a Snelling eye chart at 1, 3, and 6 months. The thickness of each participant’s retinal macula was measured by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography at each assessment point. The retinal macula thickens in CSCR due to excess fluid absorption, and a thinner macula is a sign of recovery.

Six of the initial MBSR participants were excluded from the analysis due to not completing MBSR training. Trial results showed that, at 1, 3, and 6 months, the MBSR group had significantly better visual acuity and lower macular thickness compared to controls. Controls also improved from baseline to follow-up, but their visual acuity recovery was slower, and both their visual acuity and macular thickness had less improvement compared to the MBSR group.

The findings underscore the potential of MBSR in ameliorating vision impairments and reducing macular thickness in CSCR patients. The researchers cautioned that maintaining patient engagement with MBSR was challenging.

Limitations of the study include the absence of an active control group, the lack of a stress measurement to elucidate stress as a key mechanism, and not including an intention-to-treat analysis of all individuals randomized. The description of MBSR provided was insufficient, hindering understanding of intervention components and implementation method.

Reference:

Özcan, D., & Karapapak, M. (2024). Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on acute central serous chorioretinopathy: A randomized control trial. International Ophthalmology, 44(1), 183. 

Link to study

Antiretroviral medications have enabled people living with HIV to live normal lifespans but about half of those with HIV meet diagnostic criteria for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). People diagnosed with HAND show deficits in attention, memory, verbal fluency, and visuospatial ability and are susceptible to depression, lower quality of life, and poorer medication compliance. Existing treatments for HAND include computerized cognitive training and interventions to increase levels of physical activity. 

Mindfulness training might also be a promising intervention because of its established beneficial effects on depression and quality of life for patients with a variety of chronic illnesses, as well as its potential benefit for executive cognitive function. Moskowitz et al. [AIDS and Behavior] tested the ability of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) to alleviate distress and neurocognitive symptoms and improve quality of life in older patients diagnosed with HAND.

The researchers randomly assigned 180 patients (mean age=65 years; 80% male; 73% white; average HIV duration=30 years) aged 55 years and over who were currently on antiretroviral medication, had undetectable serum HIV levels, and were diagnosed with HAND to either MBSR or a waitlist control.

Recruitment efforts targeted participants from the San Francisco Bay Area using various methods, such as community outreach talks, recommendations from healthcare providers, advertising on buses and in newspapers, and direct outreach facilitated by the UCSF Electronic Health Record Recruitment Service. The MBSR intervention followed the standard 8-week group-based protocol. 

Participants were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up using self-report measures of anxiety, depression, quality of life, and activities of daily living. The activities of daily living measures assessed participants’ basic abilities to shop, cook, do laundry, bathe, clean house, and take their medications, They were also assessed at all three time points on neurocognitive measures of information processing speed (a symbol-digit test), working memory (a letter number sequencing task), and vigilance (a continuous performance task). 

The trial results showed that the MBSR group had a significant decrease in depressive symptoms at post-intervention compared to the control group, but this difference was no longer significant at one month follow-up. The MBSR group  showed a significant improvement in quality of life compared to the control group at one month follow-up.

No significant group differences were observed in terms of anxiety, neurocognitive scores, or activities of daily living at either immediate post-intervention or one-month follow-up assessment.

The trial findings suggest that MBSR can reduce depressive symptoms and improve quality of life for older patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in the shorter term but does not improve anxiety, neurocognitive symptoms, or activities of daily living. The study is limited by reliance on a waitlist control and lack of long-term follow-up.

Reference:

Moskowitz, J. T., Sharma, B., Javandel, S., Moran, P., Paul, R., De Gruttola, V., Tomov, D., Azmy, H., Sandoval, R., Hillis, M., Chen, K. P., Tsuei, T., Addington, E. L., Cummings, P. D., Hellmuth, J., Allen, I. E., Ances, B. M., Valcour, V., & Milanini, B. (2024). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Symptom Management in Older Individuals with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. AIDS and Behavior.

Link to study

Rates of adolescent and young adult depression and anxiety have risen since 2010 in many industrialized societies, especially for young women. Some experts attribute this increase to heightened exposure to social media. Research shows that such exposure can diminish women’s body satisfaction and self-esteem, likely stemming from the portrayal of idealized thinness and fitness standards in images and messages. Researchers are interested in developing practical strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of social media on body image.

Mindfulness meditation, with its emphasis on acceptance, non-reactivity, non-judgment, and non-rumination, could serve to mitigate the negative impacts of social media. Hooper et al. [Body Image] investigated the effects of brief mindfulness meditation on women’s body appreciation, mood, and self-esteem after viewing idealized thinness and fitness images obtained from social media posts.

In this online study, researchers randomly assigned 162 English-speaking women (mean age = 26 years; 62% white) who typically spent an average of 2 to 3 hours daily on Instagram to either a brief mindfulness meditation or an audio control group.

All participants were exposed to 12 Instagram photos, each viewed for at least 20 seconds, featuring idealized images of female thinness or fitness. Following exposure to the images, participants listened to either a 10-minute guided mindfulness meditation or a 10-minute podcast providing general information about Brazilian jujitsu. The guided meditation emphasized attention to breathing and cultivation of concentration and calmness. 

Participants completed self-report measures at baseline, immediately after viewing the images, and immediately after listening to the meditation or podcast session. These measures assessed mood, self-esteem, and body appreciation, with the body appreciation measure including statements such as “At this moment I feel good about my body.”

The results revealed that viewing the idealized thinness and fitness images led to immediate and significant decreases in self-esteem (partial η2=0.69), body appreciation (η2=0.71) and positive mood  (η2=0.63) and increases in negative mood (η2 =0.58) for the total sample.

However, the mindfulness meditation group significantly increased self-esteem (η2=0.69), body appreciation (η2=0.66) and positive mood (η2=0.54) and reduced negative mood (η2=0.57) compared to the podcast control immediately following the audio exposure. Additionally, all of these self-report measures were significantly better after meditation than they were at baseline.

The study demonstrates that visual exposure to idealized thinness and fitness images obtained from Instagram posts worsens women’s mood, self-esteem, and body appreciation. These adverse effects can be mitigated, at least in the very short term, through brief mindfulness meditation as compared to listening to general information on a podcast not involving meditation.

The study's limitations include the use of a mundane control audio as opposed to a comparator like deep breathing or breath counting. The inclusion of such comparators could potentially alter reports of self-esteem, body appreciation, and mood following the image task.

Reference:

Hooper, R., Guest, E., Ramsey-Wade, C., & Slater, A. (2024). A brief mindfulness meditation can ameliorate the effects of exposure to idealised social media images on self-esteem, mood, and body appreciation in young women: An online randomised controlled experiment. Body Image. 

Link to study

Stimulant medications are often the first-line treatment for childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Medication has shown to be more effective than behavioral treatment for ADHD, and it is still unclear whether behavioral treatments provide any  additional value when used in conjunction with medication.

While medication can significantly reduce inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity for most children with ADHD, about 20-35% of children do not appear to benefit from it. Additionally, medication side effects such as insomnia, loss of appetite, and anxiety are common. About 50% of children opt to eventually discontinue its use. As a result, there remains a need for effective non-pharmacological treatments. 

Mindfulness-based treatments, with their demonstrated effects on attention and emotional regulation, are worth exploring in this regard. Meppelink et al. [Mindfulness] tested the effectiveness of conjoint child-and-family mindfulness-based intervention against methylphenidate medication in children with ADHD.

The researchers randomly assigned 91 Dutch children with ADHD (average age = 11 years; 71% male), along with 91 of their mothers and 81 of their fathers, to either mindfulness-based or medication treatment groups. Children in the medication group received methylphenidate, titrated until reaching an optimal response. The mindfulness intervention included 8 weekly 1.5-hour group sessions for the children and 8 weekly 1.5-hours group sessions for their parent(s), focusing on mindful parenting.

After the initial training, families attended a 1.5-hour booster session. They were required to follow their assigned protocol for 4 months but could switch treatment afterwards. 

About 50% of the families in the mindfulness group kept their protocol, while the other half switched to medication. About 75% of the families in the medication group stayed with medication, while a quarter discontinued it.  Many families sought additional help from outside providers during the study. Thirty-five percent of the medication group sought out mindfulness-based treatments, and 23% of the medication group and 35% of the mindfulness group sought out other behavioral treatments.  

Children were assessed at baseline and 2, 4, and 10 months on self-, parent-, and teacher-report behavioral measures. They were also assessed on neuropsychological measures of attention at baseline and 2 months. 

The results showed that while both groups significantly improved on child-, parent-, and teacher-rated symptoms at 2 and 4 months (d = -0.20 to -0.57), improvements were significantly greater for the medication group (d = -0.28 to -0.76) . At two months, both groups fared significantly better on neuropsychological measures (d = 0.38 to 1.11) , but there were no significant between-group differences. At 10 months, maternal behavioral ratings no longer differed between the groups, although fathers still rated medication as more effective. 

The treatment effects remained consistent for both mindfulness and medication participants who stayed the course with their initial treatment assignment. Mindfulness participants who switched to medication deteriorated at 4 months (before switching) but showed improvements at 10 months. Medication participants who stopped medication either deteriorated at 4 months (before switching) or at 10 months. 

A second cohort of 29 children with ADHD and their families refused randomization and were assigned to their preferred treatment. Once again, while children in both treatment groups showed reduced symptoms, medication demonstrated superiority.

The findings suggest that both mindfulness and medication improve behavioral and neuropsychological measures in children with ADHD. In the short-term, medication showed superiority to mindfulness on behavioral measures, but no difference on neuropsychological measures. However, the superiority of medication declined over 10 months in maternal ratings, but not paternal ratings.

The study is limited by the many families who opted to switch protocols after four months or received adjunctive treatments outside the protocol complicating the interpretation of longer-term effects.

Reference:

Meppelink, R., de Bruin, E. I., Zoller, B. K., Oort, F. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2024). Child and Parent Mindfulness-Based Training Versus Medication for Childhood ADHD: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Mindfulness.

Link to study

Acute stressful events can trigger the release of cortisol and testosterone into the human bloodstream. While cortisol prepares us to fight or flee in the context of threat, testosterone may amplify male dominance and competitive behavior in socially stressful situations. Chronic or frequent exposure to stressors, however, can alter hormonal levels and potentially lead to the development of physical and psychiatric disease.

While significant knowledge has been gained regarding the cortisol stress response, less is known about complex feedback between these hormones and how they are mutually affected by stress reduction techniques. 

Fan et al. [Stress] tested the effects of mindfulness meditation and muscle relaxation on male college students’ salivary cortisol and testosterone levels before and after exposure to a stressor and after practicing a stress reduction technique.

The researchers randomly assigned 32 meditation-naïve Chinese college men (average age = 21 years) to either Integrative Body Mind Training (IBMT) or a muscle relaxation control group. Both treatments were delivered in 20-minute group training sessions conducted over the course of 7 consecutive days. IBMT included mindful stretching poses followed by open-monitoring sitting meditation emphasizing acceptance of experience.

The muscle relaxation control involved sequentially focusing attention on different muscle groups and relaxing them through focusing on sensations of warmth and heaviness.

After training, both groups participated in an experimental session consisting of 5 minutes of rest followed by a 3-minute stressor task. During the task, participants were instructed to subtract 47 from a 4-digit number sequentially. If participants failed to respond with a correct subtraction answer within 5 seconds, the computer emitted a harsh sound, and the participant had to restart the task.

The task was followed by a 20-minute relaxation period, during which the participants followed the IBMT or relaxation protocol they had trained on. Salivary cortisol and testosterone samples were drawn immediately after the rest, stressor, and relaxation periods.  

The results showed both groups significantly increased their cortisol and testosterone levels in response to the stressor task. After the relaxation period, muscle relaxation participants’ cortisol levels continued to rise (d=0.76), whereas IBMT participants’ did not. IBMT participants’ cortisol levels were significantly lower than muscle relaxation participants’ after the relaxation period (d=0.34).

Testosterone levels rose in response to the task and continued to rise for both groups during the relaxation period. However, this rise was significantly steeper for the IBMT group (d=1.07). Changes in cortisol and testosterone levels were uncorrelated.

The findings suggests that IBMT could potentially reduce the acute cortisol stress response while increasing testosterone levels in young adult males encountering an acute stressor. In contrast, progressive muscle relaxation was found to be less effective in reducing cortisol response and resulted in a weaker increase in testosterone levels. However, the study has limitations in determining whether these cortisol and testosterone responses are adaptive. 

Reference:

Fan, Y., Cui, Y., Tang, R., Sarkar, A., Mehta, P., & Tang, Y.-Y. (2024). Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males. Stress. 

Link to study